LLM in Commercial Law and International Trade

World Trade Law

International trade is regulated by the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and also through many free trade agreements that have been negotiated outside the WTO framework. These agreements between governments set out their powers to restrict the flow of goods and services between countries. 

In this module, you’ll examine key aspects of the public international law of trade and finance. You’ll focus on the fundamental principles of international trade contained in GATT 1994 under the WTO Agreement.

Law of International Business Transactions

This module introduces you to law regulating business transactions in a global economy. You’ll learn about the basic transactions for the purchase and sale of goods, analyse various types of contracts, and look at the remedies available when contracts are breached. You’ll also encounter issues such as:

• special problems arising between buyer and seller where goods are carried in a container
• various types of contracts for the carriage of goods by sea
• banker's commercial credits
• contractual effects between buyer and seller, buyer and banker, and the seller and banker

You’ll go on to examine more complicated distribution and licensing agreements, joint venture and foreign direct investment agreements – preparing you for the module Advanced Issues of International Business Transactions.

Advanced Legal Research Methods

You’ll hone the research and writing skills needed to carry out legal research at an advanced level. These include research design, searching for relevant sources and materials, legal referencing and citation skills. You’ll think about the process of writing, as well as the end product, including presenting findings to different audiences. You’ll consider the distinctive features of legal research and approaches and research methodologies you might use. The work you do in this module gives you excellent preparation for your dissertation.

Advanced Issues of International Business Transactions

This module is suitable if you’re already familiar with international business transactions law, allowing you to go into depth on selected problems. You’ll take part in intense discussions of these problems, gaining a sense of the sensitivity of the issues. You’ll also be encouraged to take a research-oriented approach.

We aim to keep the module as topical as possible, so content may change in the light of developments. You’ll explore contemporary issues in international business transactions, such as: 

• international e-commerce
• UN Sales Convention (CISG)
• UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts
• charter parties
• multimodal transport
• marine insurance
• international franchising
• foreign direct investment.

International Economic Law

You’ll examine the concepts of development and globalisation under international law – their history, how they’re theorised and how they’re applied in practice. You’ll focus on aspects of economic activity and environmental protection that are currently regulated by international institutions, such as the UN, the World Trade Organisation and the World Bank.

You’ll critically assess these systems and question the positive and negative effects of development. There will be time to explore contemporary topics relating to:

• the right to development
• food security
• post-conflict and transitional countries
• natural resource law
• aid and foreign direct investment
• protests against development projects and programmes.

Corporate Governance

Corporate governance means the way in which companies are governed – who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. But what does good governance look like? And what legal mechanisms support it?

Through this module you’ll gain a stronger understanding of how corporate governance works and the financial, economic and environmental forces that may shape corporate behaviour and operations. You’ll look at the role of corporations operating in the globalised world. You’ll also examine the importance of corporate governance in facilitating business transactions and banking.

International Investment Law

Why do investors invest abroad, and why do host countries actively encourage foreign investment? You’ll explore these questions while examining the laws, policies and legal issues affecting foreign investment and foreign enterprises. You’ll think in particular about the developing world and emerging markets. 

You’ll investigate the role of law in the investment process. This will include:

• the rules, principles and institutions of public international law that affect direct foreign investment
• host country laws that reward and regulate foreign investment
• the law of investment contracts
• the dispute settlement regime.

International Intellectual Property Law

In this module you’ll gain a grounding in the theory and basic concepts of intellectual property law, including patents, copyright, and trademarks. You’ll explore the international law that regulates them, particularly the TRIPS Agreement. You’ll go on to look at areas of current controversy. These could include: 

• the relationship between patents and traditional knowledge
• the challenge of biotechnology
• the emerging protection of personality rights (an individual’s right to control the use of their identity)
• the problem of patenting pharmaceuticals and protecting the needs of developing countries.

International Commercial Arbitration

You’ll be introduced to international commercial law and arbitration, including:

• arbitral agreements
• applicable law
• the enforcement of arbitral awards
• arbitrations involving state parties.

You’ll investigate investor-state arbitration. You’ll also critically examine what international commercial law and arbitration do in the process of economic globalisation.

Banking and Financial Law

Through this module you gain a really comprehensive introduction to the banking business. You’ll learn about the rise of the financial services sector from its earliest development in European nation-states into the 19th and 20th centuries. You’ll pay particular attention to the US, UK, Germany and Japan. 

You’ll examine:

• lending (for corporate finance, project and trade financing)
• the relationship between banks and other forms of corporate finance
• the quasi-public utility of the payments system
• UK and EU standards governing retail/consumer financial services.

Independent Study

This is your chance to carry out independent research on a law topic of your choice, in consultation with your module leader. You’ll strengthen your skills in carrying out legal research and presenting your findings and arguments.