Citing your sources (also called referencing) is an essential part of your academic work and is explained fully on our page Reference and avoid plagiarism.
Use Cite Them Right to check how to reference a wide range of sources (books, journal articles, websites) in exactly the same Harvard style used at Oxford Brookes.
The Library also has a shorter printed guide to Brookes Harvard based on Cite Them Right that you can download (Word and PDF versions available).
View a sample text and reference list
Cite Them Right has a Sample text and reference list using the Harvard style. This will help you understand what your referencing should look like in your written work.
In-text citations
You need to place an in-text citation in your written work at the point where you refer to someone else’s work (a book, journal article, web source, report etc.). The in-text citation is a short version of the reference; the full version goes in your bibliography at the end.
It consists of the author (or editor) and publication year, followed by page numbers (use p. for a single page, pp. for multiple pages) and enclosed in brackets. For example:
(Wisker, 2018, p. 21)
For web sources without page numbers, you can number the paragraphs on the page and include the paragraph in your in-text citation. For example:
(Bruckner, 2017, para. 6)
NB The Department of International Relations and Politics requires that in most cases you should include specific pages in an in-text citation. Failure to do this can mean you lose marks.
Always include page numbers when:
- quoting directly
- referring to specific data e.g. statistics
- paraphrasing or summarising an argument from the text.
You should only omit page numbers (or equivalent) if your citation refers to a complete work or to ideas that run through an entire work.
Find out more:
Cite Them Right: Setting out citations
Library guide to Harvard (p.2)
If you have a web source with no page numbers, see Cite Them Right: About referencing the internet (Harvard)
If you have an eBook with no page numbers, see Cite Them Right: ebooks (Harvard)
Using sources in your written work - paraphrasing and quoting
- Bitesize video 5: What is paraphrasing and how do I use it?
- Cite Them Right Setting out quotations and Paraphrasing
- Centre for Academic Development Writing with sources and Paraphrasing
- How to use your reading in your essays by Jeanne Godfrey (print & eBook) has lots of advice on putting readings into your own words.
- Moodle: Academic Integrity - self-directed course
- Study skills: Writing essays, reports and other assignments: list of other useful online resources & books.
Tools that can help you with referencing
- It's a good idea to keep track of your sources as you find them, so that it's easier to reference them later. LibrarySearch and many databases offer tools to help you save references as you search. Check this guide How to save and cite sources in LibrarySearch (Google slides)
- Endnote is a tool for storing and organising your references, and it will also work with Word or Pages to create a fully formatted bibliography from your reference library. Oxford Brookes Library offers guides, support and training with EndNote.
- NB Other referencing tools and apps are widely available but be aware that not all Harvard styles are the same as ours. Make sure you check your references against Cite Them Right and amend them if needed.
Further help with referencing
Guides
On this page you'll find links to the key guides:
- Cite Them Right
- Library guide to Harvard
- Quick Harvard referencing videos.
In addition you can check the Google slides from the Library training session for module POLI4003 Critical Skills in Politics and International Relations (Semester 1, 2023):
Referencing International Relations & Politics sources
When you have questions
- Contact your Academic Librarian for help with referencing.
- The Centre for Academic Development can also provide advice.